Armaments, Disarmament and International Security: 2001 Sipri Yearbook

Armaments, Disarmament and International Security: 2001 Sipri Yearbook

Description:

‘The new organizing principles of regional and global security are democracy, good governance and the rule of law. There are close relationships between globalization and international security, on the one hand, and democratization, human rights and respect for the rights of minorities, on the other. In the 21st century democracy should be seen not only as a form of government but also as a way towards the peaceful coexistence of nations. Today, the distribution of power is increasingly of a functional character: sovereign states delegate part of their power to global and regional institutions and organizations, part to the national sphere, and part to the sub-national level. Democratic governments, however stable, are not static: they are part of the process in which norms, tenets, procedures and institutions must be constantly reworked. Good governance and democracy, as the new organizing principles of global security, will promote the kind of relationship between states that takes account of divergent interests but eliminates the use of force as a means of settling conflicts of interests.’

From the Introduction

Highlights from the SIPRI Yearbook 2001

Security and conflicts

• There were 25 major armed conflicts in 2000, all but 2 of which were internal. This number represents a decrease from the 27 conflicts in 1999 and is lower than the average of more than 27 conflicts per year since the end of the cold war. Twelve of the conflicts caused over 1000 battle-related deaths in 2000. Africa and Asia continued to be the regions with the greatest number of conflicts. Most conflicts have lasted for seven years or more, and those that have ended recently have ended as the result of negotiation, not victory.

• 55 multilateral peace operations were under way in 2000, 18 of which were led by the United Nations. These figures illustrate the increasing number of regional and state actors involved in peacekeeping, peace-building and crisis-management efforts.

• The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) was the only new UN peace-keeping operation launched in 2000. UNMEE marked the first time the Multinational Stand-by High Readiness Brigade (SHIRBRIG), based in Denmark, was deployed.

• The most comprehensive review of UN peacekeeping yet undertaken was the August 2000 Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, the Brahimi Report. The report has set in motion an extensive debate between UN member states from North and South on peacekeeping reforms. It has helped spur European efforts to improve capacity for crisis-management and peace operations. The EU made significant strides towards an autonomous capacity with the establishment of military and non-military headline goals and structures for crisis management.

• Conflict prevention has been given priority in the UN, G8, EU and OSCE forums. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan commissioned a special report on prevention to be presented to the UN Security Council in 2001.

• Three parallel processes in 2000 determined the transatlantic relationship: the process of the emergence of Europe as a new power; the new dimensions in relations between the EU and the USA within NATO as another significant factor in the new security environment; and the interlinking of vital interests of democratic states which enable Europe to consolidate a community of democracies.

Military spending and armaments

• World military expenditure has been rising again since 1998, when it was at the lowest level of the post-cold war period. Total world military expenditure in 2000 amounted to about $798 billion, in current dollars.

• The steepest rises in military spending since 1998 were in Africa and South Asia. The largest volume increases were in Russia and the USA.

• World arms production continues to be characterized by concentration and internationalization.

• Global arms transfers fell by 26% from 1999 to 2000, although they have remained at a relatively stable level since 1995, with the USA accounting for almost 50% of the total, followed by Russia, France, the UK and Germany.

• The members of the European Union would together rank as the second largest arms supplier, taking into account only the transfers to non-EU members..

• Of the 15 leading arms recipients in the period 1996–2000 Israel, India, Pakistan and Turkey were involved in conflict in 2000.

Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament

• The controversy over the USA’s plans for a limited missile defence system and the future of the ABM Treaty took on an increasingly important international political dimension.

• There was interest in both Russia and the USA in the idea of reducing their strategic nuclear forces outside the framework of ‘traditional’ arms control treaties, perhaps in the form of unilateral measures.

• The 2000 Review Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ended with the adoption by consensus of a Final Declaration setting out a number of concrete nuclear disarmament goals.

• In 2000 the verification regime of the Chemical Weapons Convention was expanded to include new types of facilities. However, the financial shortfalls of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) threaten the continued conduct of inspections.

• The four states which possess chemical weapons are now destroying them, but it is feared that Russia and the USA will not meet the destruction deadlines.

• The negotiation of a protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention reached a critical stage in 2000, but it is increasingly unlikely that a document will be agreed by December 2001.

• European arms control is undergoing a significant evolution, turning from ‘hard’, inter-state frameworks towards ‘soft’, (sub)regional arrangements. They address ‘bad-weather’ domestic contingencies and are increasingly being combined with other ‘soft’ security measures.

• The European Union members expanded their export control laws to include new principles and wider coverage. For the first time the EU member states are obliged to restrict exports of any item used for military purposes when exported to destinations subject to an arms embargo.

• Six EU member states—France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK—took a step towards creating a common market in arms and military technology. These countries are discussing extending this common market to include the United States and Canada through bilateral negotiations.

Brief table of contents

For chapter and annexe summaries, please click the desired listing below.

Introduction: The organizing principles of global security

Part I. Security and conflicts, 2000

Chapter 1. Major armed conflicts
Chapter 2. Armed conflict prevention, management and resolution
Chapter 3. Europe: an emerging power

Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2000

Chapter 4. Military expenditure and arms production
Chapter 5. Transfers of major conventional weapons

Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2000

Chapter 6. Nuclear arms control and ballistic missile defence
Chapter 7. Chemical and biological weapon developments and arms control
Chapter 8. Conventional arms control
Chapter 9. Multilateral weapon and technology export controls

Annexes

Annexe A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
Annexe B. Chronology 2000

Plus a glossary of terms and membership of multilateral organizations, tables, figures, maps, data appendices and extensive documentation as well as detailed accounts of some of the conflicts in 2000

How to order

SIPRI YEARBOOK 2001
Armaments, Disarmament and International Security

IISBN 0-19-924772-2
c. 715 pages, £70.00 (Pounds Sterling)*

is published for SIPRI by Oxford University Press
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK, for SIPRI.

http://www.sipri.se/